Carnelian
Carnelian is a warm-colored variety of chalcedony ranging from pale orange to deep red-brown. It's been used in jewelry for over 4,500 years.
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Carnelian properties at a glance
| Type | Quartz Family |
|---|---|
| Chemical formula | SiO2 |
| Mohs hardness | 7 |
| Crystal system | hexagonal |
| Luster | vitreous |
| Streak | White |
| Cleavage | None |
| Fracture | Conchoidal |
| Specific gravity | 2.6 |
| Transparency | translucent |
| Common colors | Orange, Red-Orange, Reddish-Brown |
| Rarity | common |
Geology & background
Forms in volcanic rocks when silica-rich fluids deposit in cavities. Iron impurities create the orange-red color.
One of the oldest known gemstones, used in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Rome for seals and jewelry.
How to identify Carnelian
- Check whether the specimen's color and texture match typical Carnelian examples.
- Photograph a fresh surface in natural light and avoid shadows, glare, or wet surfaces.
- Use hardness, streak, luster, grain size, and locality together; no single trait is enough for every specimen.
Where Carnelian is found
Carnelian is reported from multiple localities or geological settings. Exact locality should be verified from specimen provenance, maps, or field notes.
How much is Carnelian worth?
| Entry-level specimen | $5 |
|---|---|
| Typical collector specimen | $25 |
| Premium specimen | $150+ |
Value depends on size, condition, color, crystal quality, locality, rarity, preparation, and provenance. Treat this as educational guidance, not an appraisal.
Common uses
- Jewelry
- Seals
- Decorative objects
Interesting facts
- Ancient Egyptians called it 'the setting sun'
- Napoleon wore a carnelian seal
- Islamic tradition says the Prophet Muhammad wore a carnelian ring
Care & safety
Treat Carnelian as a collector specimen unless hardness, cleavage, and fracture are confirmed.
Avoid inhaling dust. Do not cut, grind, or polish unknown specimens without eye protection and a properly rated respirator.
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